Use Of Conventional Materials Research Articles

Orthopedic injuries in a tertiary hospital: an epidemiological and economic analysis of the implants used

Identifying the cost and prevalence of orthopedic implants used to fix complex fractures.  This is a retrospective study whose data analysis was carried out via a digital database from a tertiary trauma hospital in southern Brazil. A total of 481 fractures from 397 patients were included. In total, 479 orthopedic implants were used. Most patients were male (90.65%; n 364) with a mean age of 42.7 years. The lower limbs predominated in the sample with 90.44% prevalence (N = 435). The Ilizarov device was the most used implant (N = 61), mainly in fractures of the tibia diaphyseal region (N = 30), which was the most fractured bone region (N = 105). Considering this specific segment, the universal nail (N = 42) was the most used implant. The Ilizarov device showed the highest cost regarding the implants (6.33 times more expensive than the 3.5mm DCP implant - reference), whereas the femoral nail had an index of 6.09 and the tibial nail of 5.96. The use of conventional materials, that is, the ones with 4.5mm or 3.5mm, proved to be less expensive, however, less used in face of any orthopedic injury. The Ilizarov-type external fixator was the most expensive and most widely used device in the setting of complex orthopedic injuries.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PALM OIL CLINKER AS CEMENT AND SAND REPLACEMENT MATERIALS IN FOAMED CONCRETE

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), also known as foamed concrete, has been extensively used in construction for decades. Foamed concrete’s properties include low density, excellent thermal conductivity, great workability, and selfcompaction; these features enable foamed concrete to be utilized in various contexts. However, the excessive use of conventional materials in concrete production harms the environment. Therefore, using agro-waste as a material to construct ecologically sustainable structures has numerous practical and financial benefits. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste product resulting from solid waste combustion during palm oil extraction. This research focused on the properties of foamed concrete with POC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as the fine aggregate replacement to develop lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with a density of 1300 kg/m3. Besides, the potential of POC powder (POCP) and thermally activated POCP (TPOCP) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% as cement replacements was examined. The development of compressive strength during a 90-day curing period was investigated. In addition, tensile and flexural strengths were assessed and reported, and the elastic modulus of the LFC was discussed. The transport properties of water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity were also investigated. The durability of concrete derivatives can exhibit the product’s resistance to chemical attacks and environmental conditions. After 75 days of immersion in hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulfate, the chemical resistivity of the produced LFC was determined by measuring the loss in weight and compressive strength. In addition, the effects of elevated temperatures on the LFC were determined by analyzing the mass loss and compressive strength degradation of specimens exposed to temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. The test results demonstrated that the complete replacement of sand with POC enhanced the compressive strength of LFC by more than 50%. Similarly, POC-based LFC had higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal LFC. Besides, substituting 20% of cement with TPOCP could improve the strength of LFC by 23% during the initial curing days. Utilizing the optimal proportions of POC and POCP could enhance the residual strengths of LFC. Therefore, POC has the potential to be utilized as a fine aggregate and cementitious material to produce sustainable concrete.

Potential Use of Volcanic Ash as Filler Material in Hot Mix Asphalt

Road construction often focuses on the use of conventional materials. Due to the depletion of these conventional materials, this cannot be always true. To overcome such problems, several alternative construction materials have been proposed as sustainable solutions. Thus, this study has investigated the potential use of volcanic ash (VA) as an alternative filler material in hot mix asphalt. The investigation has used laboratory scale and purposive sampling method for sample collection. The plastic index and specific gravity of volcano ash are 0.92% and 2.44, respectively. The chemical composition analysis indicated that VA is a class-N pozzolana material. Maximum stability of 11.38 kN was obtained at full replacement of volcano ash. The tensile strength ratio of the mix at full replacement of CSD and volcanic ash is 82% and 98%, respectively. From the fatigue resistance analysis, the probable failure of pavement constructed with the mixture containing VA could be improved from 16600 to 14400. Due to its rough surface, VA has better bonding ability with bitumen compared to CSD. The mix prepared from VA has less deformation tendency than that prepared from CSD.

Use of 3d printing technology in the treatment of microtia and other outer ear deformities

Introduction: Microtia and other outer ear deformations may cause a lot of psychical, social, and mental stress for a patient. In order to surgically treat it, we need a very experienced plastic surgeon specializing in such operations. With the use of 3D printing technology, such as fused deposition modeling or a sacrificial layer process there are a lot of possibilities starting from creating aids for plastic surgeons to printing ear prosthesis from live cells. Objective: The study's objective was to research, review and compare data available on PubMed about the use of 3D printing in the treatment of microtia and other ear deformations. A brief description of the state of knowledge: With the current state of knowledge, with the 3D printing technology, we can quickly create highly individualized and helpful training aids for plastic surgeons that would help them during operations. There is also a possibility of developing a personalized splint that would help correct the ears better than conventional methods. What’s more, we can also print prosthetics, not only with the use of conventional materials used in 3D printing but also with live chondrocytes and adipocytes that were able to chondro and adipogenesis, respectively.  Conclusions: There are a couple of ways we can use 3D printing in the treatment of outer ear deformities. The most promising is printing with live cells, but we need more research to develop better methods and techniques to use in the future prosthetics.

Compressive strength prediction for glass aggregates incorporated concrete, using neural network and reviews

Production of concrete by use of conventional materials is unsustainable due to high demand. Henceforth, there is need to upscale the use of alternative materials, including those from waste streams, in concrete. This research aims at developing a suitable predictive model of concrete having partial or 100% glass aggregates. 50 datasets reviewed from 9 sources were adopted and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed in GNU Octave. The trial models had 7 input variables and 1 output variable (compressive strength) and 1 hidden layer. The selected model, having 24 nodes in the hidden layer and 90.000 iterations, indicated overall root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE), mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) and absolute factor of variance (R2) of 2.679 MPa, 1.422 MPa, 6.951% and 0.996 respectively. The glass fine aggregates between >40% and 50% indicated just over 11% average strengths from the controls. Generally, RMSE, MAE, MAPE and R2 values showed that the selected model had a good accuracy level and good generalization, particularly considering that the datasets were not from the same experimental program. The study recommends research and utilization of glass fine aggregates up to 50% by weight, with consideration to other influencing factors and also research in cost-effective and environmentally friendly additive and assessment on waste glass aggregates incorporated concrete.

Mechanical Characterization and Tensile Fractography of Al7075-WCP-CoP Composite

The demand for materials with an unusual combination of properties has increased tremendously at a level that cannot be attained through the use of conventional materials. This is especially true for materials used in aircraft, automotive and power generation applications. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Al7075 – 6, 9 and 12 wt.% WC-Co particles reinforced composites are shown in this study. Liquid metallurgy is used to create the composites. The planetary ball milling method is utilized to turn the WC-Co mixtures into cermets, and the particles with a size range of 30-40 µm are employed as reinforcement. SEM and EDS analyses were used to characterise the microstructure. ASTM standards are used to test the mechanical characteristics of both as cast Al7075 and Al7075-6, 9 and 12 wt.% WC-Co composites. SEM was used to perform fractography study on the prepared composite.

Optically Modulated Passive Broadband Daytime Radiative Cooling Materials Can Cool Cities in Summer and Heat Cities in Winter

Broadband passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) materials exhibit sub-ambient surface temperatures and contribute highly to mitigating extreme urban heat during the warm period. However, their application may cause undesired overcooling problems in winter. This study aims to assess, on a city scale, different solutions to overcome the winter overcooling penalty derived from using PDRC materials. Furthermore, a mesoscale urban modeling system assesses the potential of the optical modulation of reflectance (ρ) and emissivity (ε) to reduce, minimize, or reverse the overcooling penalty. The alteration of heat flux components, air temperature modification, ground and roof surface temperature, and the urban canopy temperature are assessed. The maximum decrease of the winter ambient temperature using standard PDRC materials is 1.1 °C and 0.8 °C for daytime and nighttime, respectively, while the ρ+ε-modulation can increase the ambient temperature up to 0.4 °C and 1.4 °C, respectively, compared to the use of conventional materials. Compared with the control case, the maximum decrease of net radiation inflow occurred at the peak hour, reducing by 192.7 Wm−2 for the PDRC materials, 5.4 Wm−2 for ρ-modulated PDRC materials, and 173.7 Wm−2 for ε-PDRC materials; nevertheless, the ρ+ε-modulated PDRC materials increased the maximum net radiation inflow by 51.5 Wm−2, leading to heating of the cities during the winter.

Comparative study on Conventional and Smart Building Material in terms of TQC

Abstract: There are several new-age „smart‟ building materials which are cost effective and long lasting and which would help to build or rebuild smart buildings, as a more eco- friendly and sustainable habitat. In India since ancient time construction is done by using conventional building materials. But now a days concept of smart building materials is introduced. These are durable, eco-friendly, cost effective. Still use of conventional materials is more than smart building materials. Due to lack of knowledge about smart building materials we don't use such materials. Control over quality and sustainability of finished building. Justification of the environmental cost of manufactures. So with the help of project i.e. Comparative study between smart and conventional building, there is comparison as per cost, strength, durability. In this, how both buildings are different in their features like long lasting life, implementation of materials, speed of construction, sustainability of materials is shown. For this project there is use of software for developing, analyzing and designing the reinforced concrete building. Keywords: smart material, conventional material, cost

A differential OTP memory based highly unique and reliable PUF at 180 nm technology node

A random binary code-based unique chip identity is essential for the security of Internet-of-Things devices. Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) exploits intrinsic physical randomness in devices to generate an unbiased random binary code. Earlier, a PUF was demonstrated using a large area (10 µm × 10 µm) HfO2-based OTPM (One-Time Programmable Memory) where perfectly unbiased random bit generation was shown using differential breakdown operation. However, the use of conventional materials (e.g. PECVD SiO2) and scalability across mature nodes (10 μm–0.18 μm) are attractive for the IoT application of PUF. In this paper, we present a highly scalable PECVD SiO2 breakdown based differential OTPM PUF implemented in a 180 nm CMOS foundry. The experimental results on approximately 1700 tested differential OTPM PUF show that the random string generated is unique. i.e. mean Inter-Hamming distance of 50%. The generated string has excellent reproducibility i.e. ideal Intra-Hamming distance of 0% and no bit flip, even at 250 °C for 6 h. Excellent scalability (from area 26 µm × 26 µm to 0.26 µm × 0.26 µm) is observed. The PUF passes a variety of NIST tests successfully.

How can UK Housing Projects be Brought in Line With Net-Zero Carbon Emission Targets?

Numerous local authorities are committed to constructing buildings to net-zero carbon emissions performance, and have declared carbon emergency, striving to reach carbon neutrality well before 2050. However, buildings in the UK are currently being designed and constructed to current building regulations which do not require net-zero performance, and these buildings will last well beyond 2050. This paper presents a case study of a housing development in Hertfordshire, UK, where a structured approach for achieving net-zero carbon performance homes was developed. The methodology was based on dynamic simulation modelling to design buildings which achieve net-zero operational emissions, and an industry standard inventory of carbon and energy database was used to evaluate embodied emissions in building materials. The approach comprised of developing dynamic simulation models to investigate the improvement in energy performance of the development through fabric-first approach, focusing on building envelope design prior to introducing renewable energy systems, in order to achieve operational net-zero carbon performance. Carbon emissions (operational and embodied) were investigated to assess the appropriateness of the deployed strategies. Dynamic simulation results combined with embodied emissions analysis illustrated that, by combining embodied and operational emissions, a net-zero carbon performance would be achievable by the 2050 target only if alternative building materials based on photosynthetic bio-composites are used. This analysis also highlighted the limitations of conventional retrofit interventions carried out 10 years after the construction as they resulted in increased embodied carbon emissions, thus lengthening the time period well beyond the 2050 target for achieving net-zero carbon performance. As the use of conventional materials appeared to delay the achievement of net-zero emissions by several decades, the only way to achieve net-zero targets before 2050 is to design new buildings to be carbon negative from the operational point of view and to use photosynthetic materials for their construction.

Experimental Studies on Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash based Geomaterials

Use of conventional materials is increasing day by day due to rapid infrastructural growth which increases the cost of materials and increases the cost of construction. Hence utilization of Sugar cane bagasse ash waste materials without causing threat to environment solves the problems of disposal and also can provide economical materials. In this study glass fiber, sugarcane bagasse ash and blast furnace slag were used and cement used for binding purpose. Different mix ratio was prepared to understand the effect of addition of glass fibre on sugar cane bagasse ash based materials under compressive loading. The mix ratio was taken 0.2 to 1.0% for the research work. Blast furnace slag was added 10% to weight of sugar cane bagasse ash. The sample were tested for compressive loading for 7, 14, 28 days respectively. The density is most important parameter of materials. It was observed that the density of materials significantly influences with addition of glass fibre. The density of materials decreases with percentage of glass fiber increase. The density of materials varies between 901.1 kg/m3 to 741.10kg/m3The compressive strength also significantly affected by percentages of glass fibre. The compressive strength ranging 82 kPa to 798 kPa. The compressive strength increases up to certain mix ratio then decrease continuously. The stiffness of sugar cane bagasse ash specimens reinforced with glass fiber at cement 20% more than 15% and 10%.The stiffness also increase with the curing period. The maximum load was observed at 0.6% mix ratio. The stress strain behavior was observed to be nonlinear.

The European Dual Coolant Lithium Lead breeding blanket for DEMO: status and perspectives

During the last years CIEMAT has been leading the activities in the European Program to develop an integral breeding blanket with advanced performances to work in a realistic DEMO scenario. This blanket is the dual coolant lithium lead (DCLL) working at a limited temperature in order to allow the use of conventional materials and technologies. The design of this blanket was finished, including the definition of the tritium extraction system and tritium simulations. Then, determined by the selection of other two concepts as driver blankets for DEMO, the focus was put on developing a novel BB still based on the DCLL concept but working at higher temperatures, thus increasing the plant net efficiency. In this work, a summary of the status of the DCLL is presented, together with some ideas for developing an advanced high temperature DCLL in the near future.

BIM Implementation On Design Phase Toward Low Embodied Energy Apartment: Comparative Study On 3 Alternatives Architectural Wall Materials

One of the efforts to decrease environmental impact due to construction activities is by reducing Embodied Energy in design phase. In the design phase, EE can be associated with the usage of construction materials. On the other hand, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be an alternative approach in improving the effectiveness and efficiency material usage. The aim of this paper is to explain how to implement BIM in calculating and reducing the value of EE. The research methodology is a mix qualitative-quantitative method that conducted by using a case study and utilized BIM model of low-cost public apartment. The EE calculation is based on material properties of the BIM model and it also depends on the unit price analysis of each construction works. Furthermore, the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) method is used to calculate the EE of materials properties value. In order to find the best EE reduction value, a comparison analysis is conducted that it compared the use of conventional materials (as alternative 1) and 2 types of substitution materials there are prefabricated wall panels and concrete masonry unit. Thus, the EE reduction value can be seen and the best low EE material will be used as a reference in the next phase of the construction process.

Affordable Robotics for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review

Stroke incidence is increasing more rapidly in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) than in High-Income Countries (HICs), but LMICs are not well organized to provide adequate post-stroke rehabilitation because of physical, financial and personal barriers. The use of rehabilitation robotics can help bridge in healthcare disparities but they are available in LMICs in limited number due to their high cost and this limits the number of patients that can benefit from them. This article presents a literature review on the affordable robots for upper limb stroke rehabilitation that could be suitable in low-resources clinical settings with a focus on the different techniques implemented to reduce production costs. Different approaches can be carried out: i) developing end-effector and exoskeleton robots for the rehabilitation of proximal and distal joints respectively; ii) reducing the number of degrees of freedom of the robots at minimum (one or two) allowing the rehabilitation in a planar workspace; iii) avoiding the use of conventional materials that could make the robot bulky, expensive and difficult to transport. According to the mechanical properties required by the task, stell or metal alloys could be substituted for wood, aluminum, plastic, 3D-printed materials and by the adaptation of off-the-shelf elements.

Corrosion of AISI 310 and 316 in Molten Hydroxide Under Steam Electrolysis Conditions

Steam electrolyzers, utilizing molten hydroxide electrolyte, offer potential for improvement in electrochemical efficiency, cost reduction, use of conventional materials of construction and process scale up for large scale hydrogen production. Stainless steels, used for the fabrication of cell components (current collector, gas separator, wet seals, and manifolds) experience accelerated corrosion in the presence of molten hydroxide electrolyte in both oxidizing (anodic) and reducing (cathodic) atmospheres. In this study, the corrosion behavior of AISI 310 and 316 has been studied at 600 °C using melt immersion and cyclic voltammetry tests. Melt immersion test revealed formation of the porous lithium iron oxide at the melt-oxide interface for both AISI 310 and 316. Oxide scale cross-sectional study conducted by FIB/TEM showed multi-layer oxide scale formation. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of Cr in the electrolyte melt obtained from samples exposed to oxidizing atmosphere. Cyclic voltammetry tests showed the breakdown of passive metal-oxide under anodic overpotential in molten hydroxide. Mechanisms for hydroxide-induced corrosion is proposed and discussed.

Corrosion of AISI 310 and 316 in Molten Hydroxide Under Steam Electrolysis Conditions

Steam electrolyzers, utilizing molten hydroxide electrolyte, offers potential for improvement in electrochemical efficiency, cost reduction, use of conventional materials of construction and process scale up for large scale hydrogen production. Stainless steels, used for the fabrication of cell components (current collector, gas separator, wet seals, and manifolds) experience accelerated corrosion in the presence of molten hydroxide electrolyte in both oxidizing (anodic) and reducing (cathodic) atmospheres. In this study, the corrosion behavior of AISI 310 and 316 in hydroxide melt has been studied at 600°C for 50 h. Melt immersion tests revealed formation of the porous lithium iron oxide at the melt-oxide interface for both AISI 310 and 316. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis showed the presence of Cr in the electrolyte melt obtained from samples exposed to oxidizing atmosphere. Thermochemical analysis was performed to validate the experimental results.

Adobe como saber ancestral usado en construcciones autóctonas de Pore y Nunchía Casanare Colombia

El adobe es un material de construcción fundamentado en el saber ancestral del acervo popular, principalmente usado en los sectores rurales colombianos y latinoamericanos. Su utilización, en la mayoría de los casos, está ligada a la dificultad de acceso a materiales convencionales de construcción, generado por la desconexión y distanciamiento con las zonas urbanas, y a las dificultades económicas de dichos sectores de la población. Sin embargo, algunas poblaciones han optado por mantener la tradición del uso de este tipo de materiales no convencionales, salvaguardando las tradiciones que esto implica. Dada su relevancia popular e implicaciones arquitectónicas, se presenta un estudio sobre el uso del adobe en los municipios de Nunchía y Pore del departamento de Casanare. La metodología aplicada abarca etapas como la observación directa a construcciones en adobe, fichas técnicas especializadas a muestras a partir de ensayos de laboratorio para el estudio de sus propiedades mecánicas, encuestas semi estructuradas y entrevistas a persona con experticia en su elaboración. Se busca con este trabajo valorar y salvaguardar el conocimiento ancestral de las técnicas de procesamiento y las propiedades del adobe, como una manifestación patrimonial bajo amenaza de disipación debido al uso de materiales convencionales.

APPLICATION OF FGC BLOCKS FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

The use of conventional materials in building construction results in increased emission of carbon dioxide and consumption of more energy. The replacement of sustainable materials with conventional materials can help in reducing the overall energy consumed while making it more eco-friendly. The aim of the study is to replace the cement used in manufacturing of concrete blocks with sustainable and waste materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and calcined clay. The compressive strength of these blocks were slightly lesser than the conventional blocks while satisfying the standards’ minimum criteria. The blocks showed 50% reduced thermal conductivity and 35% reduced carbon emission, which suggests that these blocks could be an excellent replacement for conventional materials since it increases the thermal comfort of the building while reducing the environmental impact.

Soil Stabilization by using fly ash and Ferric Chloride

The soil is stabilized with fly ash and ferric chloride mixtures in this research paper. The Serviceability of the pavement is very tractable to the soil sub-grade properties. For that reason, a weaker sub-grade can be improved by using the most effective stabilization method. Based on the literature review, stabilization with fly ash activated sub grade has been found to be an effective option for improvement of soil properties. Stabilization of the soil is mostly done in soft soils such as organic soil, clayey peat, silt. Some of the wastes used are fly ash, marble dust, foundry sand, rice ash and so on. These materials not only provide an alternative to the use of conventional materials but also help control environmental pollution. In many places, the waste is dumped into the open air, which can be very problematic for the people in the area and the workers working in these areas. Using these waste materials not only reduces pollution but also reduces human credibility on natural resources, leading to a more sustainable process of construction. It was found from the literature that the optimum dose of fly ash and ferric chloride revealed essential enhancement in strength and durability characteristics and declination in the swelling and plasticity properties of the soil. Based on that result, it is suggested that a mixture of fly ash and ferric chloride should be take into consideration a workable option for the stabilization of broad subgrades.

Advanced Design of a Full-Scale Active Morphing Droop Nose

This paper describes the design of a morphing droop nose conceived to increase the performance in high-lift conditions of a twin-prop regional aircraft, while ensuring the natural flow laminarity of the wing. Starting from the results obtained in a previous phase, mainly concerned with the performance augmentation, a detailed structural design is conducted. The main aim is the achievement of a feasible solution based on the use of conventional materials, such as aluminium alloy for the internal structure and glass-fibre for the skin. A finite element model of the complete device is generated for the three-dimensional shape quality evaluation and for the skin structural verification. Stress analyses on high-fidelity models of the single adaptive ribs are also performed. At the same time, various design aspects are evaluated, such as installation and inspection issues, actuation power, and weight considerations. All these requirements contribute to the definition of an advanced and complete solution for the device, up to the realization of a detailed CAD model. Final verification on the virtual prototype assesses the functionality of the device when attached to the wing-box. Moreover, the bird impact safety of the leading edge is demonstrated according to the certification rules.